SS-31 (Elamipretide) - SS-31 (Elamipretide) — 10mg

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Bioregulator Compounds

SS-31 (Elamipretide)

Name: SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Brand: BioInfinity
SKU: ss-31
Availability: OutOfStock

Mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂) that binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane. FDA-approved as FORZINITY for Barth syndrome. Studied for cardioprotection, aging muscle, and neurodegenerative disease research.

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Lab-verified purity exceeding 99%. Certificate of Analysis available for review.

Out of Stock

Arrives as lyophilized (powder) form

Shipped freeze-dried for maximum stability and shelf life. See laboratory preparation guide for handling instructions.

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Product Description

What SS-31 is

SS-31 is a synthetic cell-permeable tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) engineered to concentrate more than a thousand-fold inside the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has molecular formula C32H49N9O5 and mass 639.76 Da. Common synonyms in the literature include Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131, and FORZINITY. SS-31's defining feature is a rationally designed alternating aromatic–cationic motif — a 2′,6′-dimethyltyrosine residue paired with D-arginine — that exploits the negative membrane potential of energized mitochondria (Δψₘ ≈ −180 mV) to selectively accumulate at the cristae, where it binds reversibly to cardiolipin, a phospholipid unique to mitochondrial membranes.

What it's studied for

Research into SS-31 is clinical-investigational, with several completed and ongoing human trials. It became the first mitochondria-targeted therapeutic to receive FDA approval when Bendavia/FORZINITY was cleared in 2025 for Barth syndrome, a rare paediatric cardiomyopathy driven by cardiolipin dysfunction. Beyond that indication, published work referencing SS-31 spans Barth syndrome (FDA approved): Clinical trials demonstrated improved energy production, protein complex assembly, and exercise tolerance in Barth syndrome patients. Participants showed functional improvements such as walking 1 mile without breaks. FDA approval was granted based on these meaningful clinical benefits in this rare mitochondrial disorder, Primary mitochondrial myopathy trials: Phase 1/2 IV dose-escalation trial (Class I evidence) showed dose-dependent 6-minute walk test improvement (+51.2 meters at highest dose vs. +3.0 meters placebo, p=0.0297). Phase 3 MMPOWER-3 trial (NCT03323749) evaluated subcutaneous dosing with mixed results on primary endpoints, and Heart failure research: Studies in heart failure models showed improved stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, and reduced left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Biomarkers including natriuretic peptides were reduced. Normalized bioenergetics observed in failing cardiac tissue. Proposed mechanisms cited across the primary literature include Cardiolipin interaction: binds reversibly to cardiolipin, stabilizing content and preventing peroxidation/oxidation, Cristae protection: maintains cristae structure and prevents destabilization during apoptosis, and mPTP regulation: inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, promotes electron transfer while reducing electron leakage. A defining property, replicated across multiple in-vitro and animal models, is selectivity: SS-31 restores function in stressed, aged, or diseased mitochondria while leaving healthy mitochondria unchanged — a pharmacological profile rarely seen in bioenergetic research tools. None of this material describes therapeutic outcomes for buyers, and BioInfinity does not sell, market, or provide dosing guidance for SS-31 outside laboratory research.

Laboratory handling — storage and reconstitution

Lyophilized SS-31 arrives as a fluffy off-white solid inside a sealed sterile vial. Because it ships as a lyophilized peptide (639.76 Da), the powder is best stored between 2–8 °C prior to reconstitution and returned to −20 °C in aliquots for long-term storage post-reconstitution. Reconstitution is typically performed with bacteriostatic water (0.9 % benzyl alcohol preserved) rather than sterile water because the preservative extends solution stability once the vial has been punctured. SS-31 is highly water-soluble owing to its net +3 charge at physiological pH, so gentle swirling — not vortexing — is sufficient to fully dissolve the powder. Warming the reconstituted solution to room temperature before drawing helps redissolve any peptide that has settled against the vial wall. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles: like other short peptides, SS-31 is best protected by single-use aliquots to eliminate freeze–thaw stress between experiments.

How this batch is verified

Every batch of SS-31 ships with a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis produced by an ISO-accredited third-party analytical laboratory. Reversed-phase HPLC confirms the assay against the expected 639.76 Da mass (C32H49N9O5); mass spectrometry validates the exact monoisotopic mass and confirms the D-arginine and dimethyltyrosine incorporation; endotoxin (LAL) testing confirms bacterial-contamination limits appropriate for laboratory research; and residual-solvent panels confirm the manufacturing pipeline. The lot number on the outer label matches the COA on the public /coa-library page — every purity claim is independently verifiable before you open the vial.

Related research

For the full mechanistic profile, published references, cardiolipin-binding structural detail, and constraint notes on SS-31, see the SS-31 (Elamipretide) research page. For a deeper mechanism-focused review covering the tetrapeptide's cardioprotection, neuromuscular, and age-related disorder literature, see the long-form review at /peptide-research/ss-31-elamipretide. Related mitochondrial peptides carried by BioInfinity include MOTS-c, studied for exercise-mimetic signalling and metabolic health. All references cited on the research pages are peer-reviewed primary literature.

Research use only. SS-31 (Elamipretide) is sold strictly for in-vitro and animal research. It is not a drug, food, supplement, or cosmetic and is not intended for human or veterinary consumption. No statements on this page describe or imply any therapeutic effect in humans.

Technical Specifications

Molecular Formula: C32H49N9O5
Molecular Weight: 639.76 g/mol
Sequence: D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2

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Frequently Researched Together

Commonly studied alongside in laboratory settings

Bundle total (3 items):$190.00

Research FAQ — SS-31 (Elamipretide)

Frequently asked questions about this compound for laboratory researchers.

What is SS-31 (elamipretide) and how does it work?+

SS-31 (elamipretide, also known as Bendavia and MTP-131) is a synthetic cell-permeable tetrapeptide designed to concentrate over a thousand-fold in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It binds reversibly to cardiolipin — a phospholipid unique to mitochondrial membranes — stabilizing cristae architecture, protecting cardiolipin from peroxidation, and supporting electron-transport-chain efficiency. It was approved by the FDA in 2025 as FORZINITY for Barth syndrome.

Cited: PMID 32341003

How is SS-31 different from other mitochondrial peptides like MOTS-c?+

SS-31 is a rationally designed 4-residue peptide that concentrates directly at the inner mitochondrial membrane and acts by binding cardiolipin. MOTS-c is a naturally encoded 16-mer mitochondrial-derived peptide (from the 12S rRNA locus) whose primary published mechanism is exercise-mimetic AMPK signalling in muscle. Different sequences, different targets, different research contexts — they are frequently studied together for mitochondrial energetics.

What research contexts is SS-31 most cited in?+

The primary literature covers cardioprotection in ischemia-reperfusion models, chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, primary mitochondrial myopathy (MMPOWER trials), age-related muscle bioenergetics, retinal survival in diabetic models, and neuroprotection in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's animal models. Its FDA-approved indication is Barth syndrome.

Cited: PMID 26631564, PMID 29241563, PMID 30127997

How is SS-31 stored?+

The sealed lyophilized vial should be kept at 2–8 °C prior to first reconstitution. After reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, single-use aliquots stored at −20 °C are preferred over repeated freeze–thaw of the working stock. Avoid vortexing — gentle swirling is enough to dissolve the powder given SS-31's high aqueous solubility at physiological pH.

Do I get a Certificate of Analysis with SS-31?+

Yes. Every lot ships with a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis produced by an ISO-accredited third-party lab. The COA documents HPLC purity, mass-spectrometry confirmation of the target ${p.molecularFormula} monoisotopic mass, endotoxin (LAL) testing, and residual-solvent panels. The lot number on the outer label matches the COA published on /coa-library so purity is independently verifiable before you open the vial.

Published research references

Peer-reviewed literature relevant to SS-31 (Elamipretide) research. Linked PubMed IDs open the original source.

[1]Elamipretide directly interacts with cardiolipin — PNAS (2020) · PMID 32341003
[2]Phase 2 trial of elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy — Neurology (2018) · PMID 29241563
[3]Elamipretide in heart failure: mechanisms and clinical potential — Circulation Research (2018) · PMID 30127997
[4]SS-31 mitochondrial mechanisms in aging muscle — Journal of Gerontology (2016) · PMID 26631564

Reviewed by the BioInfinity Research Team

Content reviewed by our research and quality team — biochemistry-degreed reviewers working alongside our analytical lab partner (Janoshik Analytical). Every product page is cross-checked against the cited peer-reviewed literature and the current batch's third-party COA.

For laboratory research use only. Not for human or veterinary use. Content is informational and does not constitute medical advice.

Learn More About This Peptide

Browse All Peptide Research →Research Guides & Protocols

Research Use Only: This product is intended for laboratory research purposes only. Not for human consumption.

Research summary

SS-31 (Elamipretide) — clinical & mechanistic profile

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane. FDA-approved for Barth syndrome (FORZINITY). 2025-2026 preclinical data shows neuroprotection: upregulates mitochondrial biogenesis against Aβ in Alzheimer's models, protects dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's, and improves retinal survival in diabetic models. AMD trials slowed progressive ellipsoid zone degradation.

Research status

clinical investigational

Sequence

D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2

Molecular weight

639.76 g/mol

Molecular formula

C32H49N9O5

Studied applications

•Cardiolipin binding: stabilizes cardiolipin content, prevents peroxidation and oxidation critical for mitochondrial structure and ETC function
•Membrane stabilization: protects cristae structure and prevents destabilization during apoptosis
•mPTP inhibition: inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, accelerates ATP supply
•Calcium stress reduction: modulates surface electrostatics of mitochondrial membranes, reducing calcium stress
•FDA approval: approved as FORZINITY for Barth syndrome (2025)
•Selective action: rapidly improves physiological function in aging and mitochondrial disorders, no effect on healthy mitochondria

Mechanisms of action

•Cardiolipin interaction: binds reversibly to cardiolipin, stabilizing content and preventing peroxidation/oxidation
•Cristae protection: maintains cristae structure and prevents destabilization during apoptosis
•mPTP regulation: inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, promotes electron transfer while reducing electron leakage
•Multiple protein interactions: interacts with cardiolipin-binding proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and metabolic processes
•ROS suppression: prevents cardiolipin oxidation, reduces reactive oxygen species, decreases apoptosis
•Membrane electrostatics: modulates surface electrostatics, alters ion distribution, reduces calcium stress

Research constraints & safety notes

•FDA approved only for Barth syndrome—other indications still investigational
•Clinical trials for primary mitochondrial myopathy showed mixed Phase 3 results
•Selective for dysfunctional mitochondria—no benefit in healthy tissue
•Subcutaneous administration required for chronic use
•Cost and availability limitations as orphan drug

Peer-reviewed references

SS-31 mitochondrial mechanisms in aging musclePMID: 26631564View
Elamipretide cardiolipin interaction (PNAS 2020)PMID: 32341003View
Phase 2 trial in primary mitochondrial myopathy (Neurology 2018)PMID: 29241563View
Heart failure mechanisms and clinical potentialPMID: 30127997View
PMC9192202 — SS-31 comprehensive mechanisms review

Read the full SS-31 (Elamipretide) research page View public COA library

For research use only. This summary is a research-scientific overview compiled from peer-reviewed sources. It is not medical advice and is not intended for human or veterinary consumption.

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